As an independent discipline pediatrics began to form only in the first half of the XIX century.
Russia was one of the first European countries where children's hospitals were opened. The first one opened in 1802 in France by Napoleon I, the second - in St. Petersburg in 1834, the third - in Moscow in 1842.
The morbidity and mortality of children, particularly at an early age, and pregnant women were very high. In addition to general social factors has joined unsanitary practices newborn care.
To determine women's issues since ancient times has been used palpation method used today to detect tumors and other pathologies. During the excavations of Pompeii speculum was found.
Methods of diagnosis is somehow improved, but the situation was worse than the treatment. An elementary lack of knowledge and ignorance about hygiene issues did not allowed to use other treatments in addition to the prayers, incense and fumigation in the in the best case the use of medicinal herbs.
Gynecology and pediatrics began to acquire the features of a real medical science merely at the 19th century, it gradually reduced the maternal mortality and child during childbirth.
Nowadays there are a huge amount of medical equipment, it is inconceivable in pediatrics to work without stationary and transport incubators for newborns, oxygen concentrators, humidifiers etc.
Baby Scales circa 19th century. First scales appeared in France. In those days, they were an unusual instrument, although child weight is very helpful for the evaluation of his/her development. At the moment, the weight is measured on a monthly basis – it is a mandatory procedure, along with the measurement of the circumference of the head and growth.
Transportation of small fragile organisms involves huge risks, fortunately, now there are created a high-tech transport incubators for newborns.
Transport incubators for newborns provide a secure and stable environment, reducing the influence of the environment, resistance to which the little patient had not yet acquired.
Transportation security is provided by shock absorbers, anti-stress mattresses and straps. Housings, for obvious reasons, transparent and insulating. Transport incubators for newborns have an ideal microclimate, temperature and oxygen concentration inside. There are audio and video alarms for the correct settings.
Modern transport incubators for newborns have a self-contained emergency source of power for a few hours of work, they connect to a standard AC or battery power to the ambulance.
Sophisticated device to create an artificial microclimate consists of different lines: air discharge line, filters, oxygen line to humidifier, radiator and the heat exchanger, blower, circulation line etc.
Oxygen consumption should be about a third of the air flow to maintain a 40% oxygen concentration and nursing temperature of 37 ° C.
Because of open-loop air system, the air passing through the fan, the heat exchanger and the valve is fed to a container and there released to the environment through leakage of the container, so that the likelihood of infection decreased.
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