The urgency of implementing the hospital information systems and the automation of the treatment process are determined by the need to improve management effectiveness and quality of care. Since the mid-70s a technological leap in health care has occurred - the exchange of data between research institutes and conventional hospitals has contributed to the multiplication of experience. Computer systems and intra-hospital communications, such as alarm systems and call systems for clinics, have begun to improve. Initially, hospitals used computers to handle small amounts of statistical information, but with the advent of the Internet and the personal computers, global databases and remote monitoring centers began to be created.
Different requirements for the software by different specialties, the variety of ready-made programs supplied with the hardware and implemented on different platforms, the use of various information processing algorithms complicate the task of developing an integrated information system.
Automation of hospitals includes both automatic alarm systems, patient remote monitoring systems, electronic queues, call systems for clinics, loudspeaker systems, hospital databases, material and medicinal equipment databases.
In particular, it is possible to transmit the message through the call systems for clinics in several directions from doctors' offices, examining and procedural rooms, laboratories: to patients in the queue, to the registry, to the offices of a related specialist for consultation. Remote call systems for clinics are useful in the work of X-ray rooms, where laboratory technicians are isolated in the control room and safely communicate with patients in the waiting room and in a room with hazardous radiation both.
Medical information systems (MIS) serve as a basis for the establishment of health monitoring at the federal and regional levels. By appointment, these systems are divided into three groups: information, diagnostic and counseling.
Information systems have administrative, search, information, expert, telemedicine functions. They contain information, for example, about patients who came to the reception on a specific day and time, or general information about the medical examination. To better understand the multitasking of information systems, we give their main types:
The national standard, Electronic patient History (EPH, GOST R 52636-2006) came into force in Russia on January 1, 2008. Since then, Russian healthcare, the region beyond the region, is switching to electronic case histories, the meaning of which is the consistent, continuous collection of anamnestic information about the patient, the accumulation of all information related to his health. EPH contains information in a more convenient form than traditional paper carriers, and can easily be duplicated and printed in any quantities. For the time being, Russia does not have access to the histories between different regions, but, in the long term, this should be achieved.
The same group includes programs for solving the specialized medical problems: management of emergency services; personalized registers (or dispensary surveillance journals). A mandatory requirement for services is the protection of personalized data when transmitted over telecommunications networks.
Systems of this class do not perform data processing, but provide quick access by the types of stored information (clinical, scientific, regulatory, legal, etc.), by its nature (primary, secondary, operational, overview-analytical, expert, prognostic, etc. .), by functional sign (the activity of health facilities, material and technical base, medicines).
Systems for laboratory tests are designed for automated diagnostics, including predictions and development of recommendations on methods of treatment. There are several classes of such computer systems:
Those structures were automatized in the first place, where information was fixed for the first time. Consulting systems began to develop first in emergency medicine, where minutes are taken for decision-making, if not seconds, and clinical symptoms can be "blurred". The main components of consulting systems are: a database, a simulation algorithm, an user interfaces and databases containing methodological and reference information.
Consulting systems can be used as part of telemedicine systems for distance counseling. Based on the integrated information from the patient's monitor and previous data, the automation outputs a general algorithm of urgent measures, but the final decision is still taken by the doctor. The simplest examples are patient monitors and anesthesia complexes, analyzing the vital activity parameters.
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